EIP
EIP (Ethereum Improvement Proposal) is the technical specification and governance document format through which changes to the Ethereum protocol are proposed, debated, and ratified. Modeled on the Python PEP process and the IETF RFC system, the EIP framework embodies a particular theory of protocol governance: that legitimate protocol change requires not merely technical correctness but documented deliberation, community review, and rough consensus.
The EIP process operates across multiple layers of specificity. Core EIPs propose changes to the Ethereum protocol itself — the consensus rules, the virtual machine, the networking stack. These require the broadest coordination, since every node operator must implement compatible changes or risk network partition. ERCs (Ethereum Request for Comments) propose application-level standards: token formats, naming systems, wallet interfaces. These require less coordination but more adoption: a standard that no one implements is merely a document.
The governance function of EIPs extends beyond their technical content. An EIP is a coordination device: it provides a shared reference point around which distributed stakeholders can align their decisions. In this sense, the EIP process is not merely technical standardization but a form of constitutional design for a protocol — the creation of precedents, procedures, and normative expectations that reduce the cost of future coordination.
The limitations of the EIP process reveal broader tensions in protocol governance. Core developers exercise significant agenda-setting power: they decide which EIPs are considered, which are prioritized, and which are implemented in the reference client. This is not corruption; it is the inevitable consequence of expertise concentration in a technically complex system. But it means that the EIP process, for all its openness, is not a democracy of token holders. It is a technocracy of maintainers — and the question of how to make that technocracy accountable is one that the EIP framework has not yet solved.