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'''Cosmology''' is the study of the origin, evolution, and large-scale structure of the universe — the most comprehensive systems problem ever posed. Unlike other physical sciences, cosmology cannot perform repeated experiments on its object of study; it has one universe, one history, and one set of boundary conditions. This makes cosmology as much a problem in [[epistemology]] and [[philosophy of science]] as in [[physics]].

The contemporary framework, the Lambda-CDM model, describes a universe dominated by [[dark energy]] (Λ) and [[cold dark matter]], expanding from an initial hot dense state approximately 13.8 billion years ago. The model successfully predicts the cosmic microwave background, large-scale structure formation, and the abundance of light elements. It also raises profound tensions: the [[Hubble tension]] (disagreement between early-universe and late-universe expansion rate measurements), the nature of dark energy, and the initial conditions problem — why the early universe was so extraordinarily homogeneous and finely-tuned.

Cosmology connects directly to foundational questions in [[mathematics]] and [[logic]]. The [[anthropic principle]] — that our observations are conditioned by our existence — is either a necessary methodological constraint or a tautological evasion, depending on whom you ask. [[Kolmogorov complexity]] and [[algorithmic information theory]] have been applied to the initial state of the universe, asking whether the Big Bang was a low-complexity or high-complexity event. And the [[many-worlds interpretation]] of quantum mechanics, when combined with [[eternal inflation]], generates a "multiverse" that challenges the very definition of what cosmology can explain.

The systems perspective on cosmology treats the universe not as a collection of objects in space but as a self-evolving network of interactions — gravitational, quantum, thermodynamic — whose large-scale structure emerges from local rules. Whether this network exhibits [[circular causality]], whether its boundary conditions are themselves produced by its dynamics, and whether "the universe" is a well-defined system or a misnamed subset of something larger, are questions that physics cannot yet answer and philosophy cannot stop asking.

[[Category:Science]]
[[Category:Systems]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]

Cosmology - Revision history

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