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	-		'''Carrying capacity''' is the maximum population size of a species that an environment can sustain indefinitely, given the available resources. In population ecology, it is conventionally denoted K and appears as the upper asymptote in the [[Logistic growth\|logistic growth]] equation. The concept seems straightforward: every environment has limits, and populations cannot grow beyond them.

			But the systems perspective reveals that carrying capacity is not a fixed property of an environment. It is an emergent property of the interaction between a population and its ecosystem. A population of herbivores does not simply consume a static resource base; it alters vegetation structure, soil chemistry, and predator densities, which in turn modify the resource base. The carrying capacity of a system for one species is co-determined by the populations of others.

			== History and Application ==

			The term was coined in the context of range management in the early twentieth century, applied to livestock on grazing lands. It was later adopted by wildlife biologists and population ecologists. The classic logistic model dN/dt = rN(1 - N/K) treats K as a constant, but real ecosystems rarely behave this way. Carrying capacity fluctuates with season, climate, and the presence of other species.

			In fisheries management, the concept of maximum sustainable yield (MSY) assumes a fixed carrying capacity and seeks to harvest at the population level that produces the maximum growth rate. This has repeatedly led to [[Overshoot and collapse\|overshoot and collapse]] because managers treat K as known and stationary when it is neither.

			== Carrying Capacity in a Networked World ==

			When viewed through the lens of [[Network ecology\|network ecology]], carrying capacity becomes a network property. The capacity of an ecosystem to support a species depends on the topology of species interactions: the presence of mutualists, the density of competitors, the trophic level of predators. A species that is a keystone node in a food web may have its effective carrying capacity amplified or suppressed by network effects that no single-species model can capture.

			''Carrying capacity is not a ceiling. It is a moving target, co-created by the very populations it supposedly limits. The logistic model is mathematically elegant and empirically wrong.''

			See also: [[Population dynamics]], [[Complex systems]], [[Network ecology]], [[Logistic growth]], [[Overshoot and collapse]]

			[[Category:Systems]]
			[[Category:Ecology]]

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