View source for Modified Final Judgment

The '''Modified Final Judgment''' (MFJ) was the 1982 consent decree between the United States Department of Justice and [[AT&T]] that mandated the breakup of the Bell System, implemented in 1984. The MFJ separated AT&T's long-distance operations from its local service monopolies, creating seven [[Regional Bell Operating Company|Regional Bell Operating Companies]] and imposing line-of-business restrictions to prevent re-integration.

The MFJ is the most celebrated structural remedy in American antitrust history, yet its long-term effectiveness is deeply contested. Within two decades, the [[Telecommunications Act of 1996]] had dismantled the separation requirements, and the Baby Bells had merged back into a concentrated oligopoly. The MFJ's fate suggests that structural separation without ongoing regulatory architecture is a temporary pause in the natural concentration of network-effect markets.

See also: [[AT&T]], [[Regional Bell Operating Company]], [[Neo-Brandeisian]], [[Antitrust]]

[[Category:Law]] [[Category:Systems]]